Paleozoic Era
541 - 251.9 289
Permian Period
298.9 - 251.9 47
Guadalupian Epoch
272.3 - 251.9 20.4
Roadian Age
272.95 - 268.8 4.15
  300 - 290 10 Phlegethontia linearis, Phlegethontia, Phlegethontiidae, Aistopoda, Amphibia, Chordata 1871 N America & Europe |
  270 Prionosuchus plummeri Saw crocodile
†Prionosuchus
†Archegosauridae
†Temnospondyli, Chordata
1948 NE Brazil |
| Steppesaurus basal Eupelycosauria genus of Sphenacodontidae San Angelo Formation of Texas. |
| 270 - 260 10 Brachyprosopus dicynodont therapsid Genus Karoo Basin, S Africa. |
| 270 Sinophoneus dinocephalian therapsids Anteosauridae. 1 skull Xidagou Formation of China. |
| Reiszia therapsids European Russia Nikkasauridae. |
| 270 - 240 30 Microgomphodon therocephalian therapsid genus S Africa & Namibia. 1 species
Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (CAZ) of Burgersdorp Formation S Africa & Omingonde Formation Namibia one of most prolific therocephalian species |
| 270 - 260 10 Brachyprosopus dicynodont therapsid Karoo Basin, S Africa |
| 270 - 252 18 Broomisaurus genus of Gorgonopsia. |
| 270 Biseridens "two rows of teeth" most basal anomodont genera. 1 skull Xidagou Formation, Gansu, China 2009 |
| 270 Brithopus priscus, Brithopus, Brithopodidae, Dinocephalia, Therapsida, Chordata 1 species, known from fragmentary remains found in Copper Sandstones near Isheevo, Russia.
|
  270 - 268 2 Platyoposaurus watsoni, Platyoposaurus, Archegosauridae, Temnospondyli, Amphibia, Chordata 1880 Flat-faced lizard Russia |
| 268 - 247 21 Beaufort Group 3rd subdivisions of Karoo Supergroup S Africa. lower Adelaide Subgroup & an upper Tarkastad Subgroup. follows conformably Ecca Group & unconformably Stormberg Group |
| 268 - 252 16 Suminia recently discovered genus basal anomodont youngest anomodont not Dicynodonts. Kirov region, Ru |
  267 Eotitanosuchus olsoni Dawn giant crocodile
†Eotitanosuchus
†Eotitanosuchidae
†Biarmosuchia, Therapsida, Chordata 1960 Krai Russia |
  267 Biarmosuchus tener Bjarmaland crocodile Russia |
| 167 Tapinocaninus therapsids Tapinocephalidae, basal 1Sp, Tapinocaninus pamelae Pam's humble canine 3m/120" long, 1,000kg/2,200lb herbivore or omnivore. heterodont dentition, incisors, canines & postcanines. canine teeth lack crushing heel |
| 267 - 45 22 Eodicynodon dicynodont therapsids, highly diverse & widespread group of herbivorous synapsids |
| ? Brachyuraniscus non-mammalian synapsid |
| ? Broilius non mammal synapsid |
| ? Rubidgea atrox gorgonopsid upper Permian S Africa, Tanzania |
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Wordian Age
268.8 - 265.1 3.7
  268 - 265 3 Titanophoneus Titanic murderer potens Isheevo, Russia |
| 268 - 265 3 Titanophoneus dinocephalian therapsid family Anteosauridae Isheevo, Russia |
| 268 - 265 3 Biarmosuchoides genus biarmosuchian therapsid Dubovka 1 Russia |
  267 Estemmenoshuchus mirabilis Crowned crocodile Russia Permian |
| 267 Eotitanosuchus |
267? Archaeosyodon genus dinocephalian therapsid
1.5-2m/4-5' |
267 Estemmenosuchus omnivorous therapsids.
3m/10' big skull 65c/26" |
| 26 Biarmosuchus biarmosuchian therapsids 2 skulls channel sandstone predator, light build, long leg weak bite ate smaller tetrapod. large eye, small temple opening like stem mammal Ural Mts Russia 1.5-2m skull 15-21cm |
  266 - 260 6 Anteosaurus magnificus Antaeus lizard South Africa |
266 - 243 23 Akidnognathus therocephalians suborder eutheriodont therapsids Karoo
S Africa, Russia, China, Antarctica |
| 266 - 60 6 Anteosaurus S Africa hunted like crocodiles largest carnivorous non-mammalian synapsid 5-6m/16-20' 500-600kg/1,100-1,300lb |
265.8 - 260.4 5.4 Styracocephalus platyrhynchus spike head tapinocephalian therapsids Guadalupian. head ornament recognised from distance. large back pointing tabular horns, shape variation, changed through life, sexually dimorphic. herbivore terrestr or semi aquatic like hippo evolved fm estemmenosuchids?
S Africa 1.8m/5' 11" |
|
Capitanian Age
265.1 - 259.1 6
| 265.1 - 254.17 0 Cynosaurus cynodonts Dicynodon Assemblage Zone S Africa |
  265 - 260 5 Ulemosaurus svijagensis Ulema river lizard Isheevo Russia |
  265 - 260 5 Struthiocephalus whaitsi Ostrich head S Africa |
  265 - 260 5 Moschops capensis Calf face Karoo S Africa Permian |
  265 - 260 5 Jonkeria truculenta Jonker's one Karoo S Africa |
| 265 - 252 13 Pareiasaurs cheek lizards clade parareptiles family Pareiasauridae large herbivores. sister clade reptiles & birds |
| 265 - 253 12 Chthonosaurus therocephalian therapsids family Akidnognathidae Sp Chthonosaurus velocidens 1955 Kutulukskaya Formation Ru |
265 Titanosuchus ferox Fierce Titan crocodile dinocephalian therapsids S Africa 2.5m ate Jonkeria & Moschop? |
| 265 - 260 5 Struthiocephalus Ostrich Head dinocephalian therapsids S Africa. largest head tapinocephalid. fed in water, soft vegetation, bone around nostril for closing nostril under water |
265 - 260 5 Robertia genus small herbivorous dicynodonts
1Sp R. broomiana S Africa |
265 - 260 5 Lycosuchus wolf crocodile carnivorous therocephalians
1.2m/3.8' skull 23 cm S Africa |
| 265 - 252.3 Inostrancevia carnivorous therapsids largest family Gorgonopsidae, predators long, saber-tooth-like canines. various species N Russia 3.5m/11.5' & long, narrow skulls 60cm/24" long 300kg/ 661.3 |
| 265 - 260 5 Moschops genus therapsids Karoo region S Africa |
265 - 260 5 Jonkeria genus dinocephalians. large, omnivorous Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, Lower Beaufort Group, S Af Karroo
4-5m/13.1-16.4' |
| 265 Australosyodon genus dinocephalian therapsids S Africa. 1st fossil 1980s Karoo, S Africa. 1st anteosaurid Dinocephalia outside Russia. Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone, lowest bank S African Beaufort Group S hemisphere high & narrow skull length 26 cm, total length 1.8m/6' |
| 265 - 254 11 Scutosaurus Shield lizard parareptiles. armor covered pareiasaur Russia |
| 265 - 251.9 Rubidgea atrox gorgonopsid S Africa & Tanzania |
| 265 - 260 5 Ulemosaurus dinocephalian therapsids Isheevo Russian Tatarstan. tapinocephalid, bulky herbivores |
| 265 - 260 5 Struthiocephalus Ostrich Head genus dinocephalian therapsids S Africa |
| 265 Ulemica venjukoviid therapsids. basal member suborder Anomodontia |
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Paleozoic Era
541 - 251.9 289
Permian Period
298.9 - 251.9 47
Guadalupian Epoch
272.3 - 259.1 30.2
Capitanian Age
265.1 - 259.1 6
| 265.1 - 259.1 6 Pristerognathus, Scylacosauridae, Therocephalia, Therapsida, dog size, long, narrow skulls, large canines. woodland, ate smaller therapsid, millerettid Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone Beaufort Group S Africa 25cm/9.8" skull 1.5m/4'11" |
| Criocephalosaurus genus tapinocephalian therapsid S Africa |
| 272.3 - 259.1 30.2 Mormosaurus Mormo's Lizard tapinocephalid dinocephalian therapsid S Africa |
| 263 Eriphostoma genus gorgonopsian therapsid Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone S Africa |
| 263 Keratocephalus horned head genus of tapinocephalian therapsids S Africa |
| 262 Deuterosaurus dinocephalian therapsids, non-mammalian synapsids 80cm/2'6" |
  260 - 254 6 Gorgonops torvus Gorgon eye S Af |
| 260 Thrinaxodontidae, Epicynodontia, Cynodontia, Therapsida, Chordata 1956 |
  260.4 - 253.8 6.6 Procynosuchus delaharpeae Procynosuchus, Procynosuchidae, Cynodontia, Therapsida, Chordata 1931 2Sp "Before dog crocodile"
S Africa, Zambia & Germany |
  260.4 - 251 9.4 Aphaneramma gavialimimus, Aphaneramma, Lonchorhynchinae, Trematosauridae, Trematosauroidea, Temnospondyli, Amphibia, Chordata 1904 N Am |
  260.4 - 251 9.4 Peltobatrachus pustulatus Shied frog †Peltobatrachus, †Peltobatrachidae, †Stereospondyli, †Temnospondyli 1959 Tanz |
  260 Suminia getmanovi, †Suminia, †Otsheridae, Therapsida, Chordata 1994 Kotelnich Russia |
260 - 254 6 Gorgonops †Gorgonopsinae, †Gorgonopsidae, Therapsida, Chordata
3Sp 3m long. 1876 |
260 - 252 8 Pareiasaurus, Reptilia †Pareiasauridae, Procolophonomorpha 1876
3Sp anapsid reptile |
  260 - 254 6 Inostrancevia alexandri Aleksandr Inosstrantsev's 1Spe Russia |
  259.8 - 254.1 5.7 Diictodon feliceps & palustris 2 weasel toothed Af, S Asia |
  259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Burnetia mirabilis James Burnet's one S Africa |
  259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Pantylus cordatus
N America |
  259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Cyonosaurus longiceps Dog lizard S Africa |
| 259 - 254 5 mi Scaloposaurus |
260 - 0 Cynodonts sub-group therapsids, jaws like modern mammals w/ multi-cusped teeth & differentiated down jaw. mammal ancestor
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Paleozoic Era
541 - 251.9 289
Permian Period
298.9 - 251.9 47
Lopingian Epoch
259.1 - 251.902 7.198
Wuchiapingian Stage
259.1 - 254.14 4.96
259 - 251 8 Ictidognathus |
259 - 254 5 Scylacops meaning face that tears genus Gorgonopsia 2Sp 1 bigendens
2 S. capensis S Af, Zam |
  258 - 252 6 Sigillaria elegans, Sigillaria, Sigillariaceae, Lepidodendrales, Lycopodiopsida, Lycophytes, Tracheophytes, Plantae 1828 S hemisphere |
| Invertebrate marine rich beginning Permian |
256 Phtinosuchus, Therapsid. Shortly after appear 1st reptile, 2 branches split.
1 Synapsida: pair holes skulls behind eyes increase space jaw muscles. 2 Diapsida.
|
255 Aloposaurus A. gracilis Broom, Aloposaurus, Gorgonopsia, Therapsida, gorgonopsian therapsid S Af
60-70cm/2.0-2.3' |
  255 - 250 5 Lycaenops ornatus Shovel lizard †Lycaenops
†Gorgonopsidae, Therapsida, Chordata 1925 |
| Extensive glaciation India, Aus, Ant |
| Ferns & conifers in cooler air |
| Therapsida from synapsids. mammal ancestor mammal-like reptiles |
| Pelycosaurs 1st mammal like reptile 1st temporal fenestra. soon become Therapsida w/ temporal fenestrae larger & more mammalish pelycosaurs, teeth more serial differentiation, later evolved 2ndary palate for simultaneous eating & breathing for warm-blooded life |
| Hot, dry Pangaea deserts become widespread |
1st sailback reptile: Dimetrodon
|
| Toward end of period, mass extinction large groups coral, bryozoan, arthropod & other invertebrates. 99% all life perishes |
land insects become modern
 beetle  dragonfly |
| Amphibian decline, reptiles evolve: carnivor, herbivor, terrestrial, aquat |
|
Changhsingian Stage
254.14 - 251.902 2.238
Lemurosaurus genus biarmosuchian therapsid Late
S Africa |
| Pravoslavlevia therapsids Gorgonopsia. Sokolki subcomplex Russia skull 22cm/8.7' animal 1.4/4'7". 1 species P. parva |
Prodicynodon genus dicynodont Late Permian
S Africa. 2 species from holotypes
1 P. pearstonensis
2 P. beaufortensis |
 253.8 - 251 Dicynodon lacerticeps 2 dog-teeth dicynodont therapsid herbivorous toothless except prominent tusks cropped vegetation with beak like tortoise while tusks dug roots & tubers. 160+Sp Africa, Eur, Ru |
252.3 - 242 10.3   24Sp Batrachosuchus browni Frog crocodile S Africa & Australia |
251.902 Permian-Triassic extinction 57% fams, 83% genera, 96% sea, 70% land die
Marine extinctions
| Arthropoda
|
| Brachiopods 96% Orthids & productids died |
|
Bryozoa
79%
Bryozoans
| Fenestrates, trepostomes, cryptostomes died |
|
|
| Acanthodians decline since Devonian 1 fam |
Cnidaria
96% Anthozoans
| Tabulate and rugose corals died ou |
|
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Echinodermata
| Blastoids gone shortly before extinction? |
| 98% Crinoids Inadunates & camerates died |
|
Mollusca
| 97% Ammonites Goniatites died |
| 55% Bivalves |
| 98% Gastropods |
|
Retaria
| 97% Foraminiferans Fusulinids extinct before catastrophe |
| 99% Radiolarians |
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Mesozoic Era
251.9 - 65
Triassic Period
251.9 - 206 45.9
Early Triassic Period
251.9 - 247.2 4.7
Induan
251.901 - 251.2 .701
 _ Ancient Actinopterygii/10 Saurichthys seefeldensis Early Triassic - Jurassic 252.3 - 164.7 Ma.png)  _ Ancient Actinopterygii/10 Saurichthys seefeldensis Lizard fish Early Triassic - Jurassic 252.3 - 164.7 Ma.png) 252.3 - 164.7 87.6 Saurichthys seefeldensis "Lizard fish" †Saurichthys, †Saurichthyidae, †Saurichthyiformes, Actinopterygii, Osteichthyes, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata, >50Sp 1834 |
  251.902 - 237 14.902 Kannemeyeria erithrea Kanne's one SE Af, India & Ru |
| 251.901 - 250 Siberian Traps Volcano |
|
Olenekian 2
51.2 - 247.2 4
 Ammonites 🐚/9 Ceratites nodosus, Oceans worldwide Late Triassic 251.3 - 221.5 Ma.png)  Ammonites 🐚/9 Ceratites nodosus, Oceans worldwide Late Triassic 251.3 - 221.5 Ma.png) 251.3 - 221.5 30 Ceratites nodosus, eratites, Ceratinae, Ceratidae, Ceratitaceae, Ceratitida, Ammonoidea, Cephalopoda, Mollusca 1825 worldwide |
  251.902 - 247.2 4.7 Elephantosaurus jackimovitsch "Elephant lizard" Elephantosaurus, Kannemeyeriiformes, Dicynodontia, Therapsida, Chordata 1969 Russia |
  251 - 0 Leach's Sea Star, Leiaster leachi,
Pacific, Least Concern |
  251 - 0 Blue star, Linckia laevigata, Linckia, Ophidiasteridae, Valvatida, Asteroidea, Echinodermata 1758 Indo-Paific, Near threatened |
  251 - 0 Granulated sea star, Choriaster granulatus, Choriaster, Oreasteridae, Valvatida, Asteroidea, Echinodermata 1869 Indo-Pacific ocean, Least Concern |
  251 - 0 Cushion star, Culcita novaeguina, Indo-Pacific ocean Near threatened |
  251 - 0 Crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, Indo-Pacific ocean, Least Concern |
  251 - 0 Plazaster borealis, N Atlantic & Pacific, Least Concern |
  251 - 0 Certonardoa semiregularis, Japanese sea, Least Concern |
 _ Abyssal fish/21 Barreleye, Macropinna microstoma, N Pacific ocean, depths 300 - 800 m, Present Status not evaluated.png)  _ Abyssal fish/21 Barreleye, Macropinna microstoma, N Pacific ocean, depths 300 - 800 m, 251 - Present Status not evaluated.png) 251 - 0 Barreleye, Macropinna microstoma, N Pacific ocean, depths 300 - 800 m, Status not evaluated |
 _ Abyssal fish/23 Pacific blackdragon, Indiacanthus antrosstomus, Pacific ocean, depths 500 - 2,000 m, Present Least concern .png)  _ Abyssal fish/23 Pacific blackdragon, Indiacanthus antrosstomus, Pacific ocean, depths 500 - 2,000 m, 251 - Present Least concern .png) 251 - 0 Pacific blackdragon, Indiacanthus antrosstomus, Pacific ocean, depths 500 - 2,000 m, Least concern |
 _ Abyssal fish/24 Grammatostomias flagellibarba, N Atlantic ocean, depths 300 - 3,000 m, Present Least concern .png)  _ Abyssal fish/24 Grammatostomias flagellibarba, N Atlantic ocean, depths 300 - 3,000 m, 251 - Present Least concern .png) 251 - 0 Grammatostomias flagellibarba, N Atlantic, 300 - 3,000 m, Least concern |
 _ Abyssal fish/6 Highfin lizardfish, Bathysaurus mollis, Oceans worldwide, depths 1,550 - 4,900 meters, Present Status not evauated.png)  _ Abyssal fish/6 Highfin lizardfish, Bathysaurus mollis, Oceans worldwide, depths 1,550 - 4,900 meters, 251 - Present Status not evauated.png) 251 - 0 Highfin lizardfish, Bathysaurus mollis, Oceans worldwide, 1,550 - 4,900M, Status not evauated |
 _ Abyssal fish/7 Telescopefish, Gigantura indica, Oceans worldwide, depths 500 - 3,000 m, Present Least concern .png)  _ Abyssal fish/7 Telescopefish, Gigantura indica, Oceans worldwide, depths 500 - 3,000 m, 251 - Present Least concern .png) 251 - 0 Telescopefish, Gigantura indica, Oceans worldwide, 500 - 3,000M Least concern |
  251 - 0
Pacific geoduck, Panopea genera,
NE Pacific Least concern |
  251 - 247 4 Thrinacodon liorhinus Trident tooth S Africa & Antarctica |
| 251 - 249 2 Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone |
| 251 - 249 2 Platycraniellus genus non mammalian synapsid cynodont Lystrosaurus Asse Zone
|
  250 Triadobatrachus massinoti Triple-frog Madagascar |
 _ stick insect, mantis, cicada 🦗/8 Horsehead grasshopper Pseudoproscopia scabra Amazonian basin Present.png)  _ stick insect, mantis, cicada 🦗/8 Horsehead grasshopper Pseudoproscopia scabra Amazonian basin 250 - Present.png) 250 - 0 Horsehead grasshopper Pseudoproscopia scabra Amazonian basin |
 _ stick insect, mantis, cicada 🦗/13 Chorotypus pusillus S Asia Present.png)  _ stick insect, mantis, cicada 🦗/13 Chorotypus pusillus S Asia 250 - Present.png) 250 - 0 Chorotypus pusillus S Asia |
| 251 - 247 4 Thrinaxodon genus cynodonts, species T. liorhinus S Africa, Antarctica ate insects, small herbivores, invertebrates.
2ndary palate separated nose & mouth for continued mastication |
| 250 One Galactic year ago |
| 250 Pseudosuchia 1/2 major divisions of Archosauria, including living crocodilians and all archosaurs more closely related to crocodilians than to birds. |
250 - 75 175  Joshua Tree NP |
  247.2 - 201 46.2 Mastodonsaurus giganteus Breast tooth lizard N Europe & Russia |
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Middle Triassic Period
247.2 - 237 10.2
  247 - 237 10 Cynagnathus crateronotus Dog jaw Argentina, S Africa, Antarctica & India Middle Triassic |
  247 - 235 12 Gyamodus rostratus, Germany |
 climate warm, semiarid to arid. |
Coelophosis Early dinosaurs evolve. Many bipedal, fast, & relatively small largest Triassic 20'/6m
|
 turtle |
 crocodile |
 frog |
| 251.9 Life diversified after extinction |
 conifer |
| 201 Mass extinctions reducing marine & terrestrial: ammonite, therapsid, early reptile, primitive amphibian 75% |
| Marine reptiles evolve, such as ichthyosaurs & plesiosaurs. |
 Ferns |
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Mesozoic Era
251.9 - 65
Triassic Period
251.9 - 206 45.9
Middle Triassic Period
247.2 - 237 10.2
Anisian Age
247.2 - 242 5.2
  245 - 35 210 Placodus gigas †Placodus, †Placodontidae, †Placodontia. †Sauropterygia, Reptilia, 2Sp Eur, China |
245 - 0 Dracohors clade dinosauriform archosaurs: dinosaurs & silesaurids
  245 Asilisaurus kongwe Foundation lizard
†Asilisaurus, †Silesauridae, Dracohor 1st dracohor Tan, N Am, W Eur |
|
| 243 Possible beginning of Dinosaurs |
  243 Sinosaurosphargis yunguiensis, leatherback turtle Sinosaurosphargis, Sinosaurosphargiidae, Reptilia, Chordata Guanling formation, Ch |
|
Ladinian Age
242 - 237 5
  201.3 - 174.1 27.2 Tritylodon longaevus 3 cusped tooth
Hanson formation Antarctica |
  201.3 - 174.1 27.2 Bienotherium yuannanese
Lufeng form Ch |
  201.3 - 174.1 27.2 Sinoconodon rigneyi Chinese spike tooth Ch |
| 240 Stahleckeria dicynodonts. Stahleckeria potens, Kannemeyeria Santa Maria Form Nam, Paleorrota fossil site Brazil |
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259.8 - 254.1 5.7 Cistecephalus microrhinus Box head 
259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Oudenodon bainii 
259.1 - 251.902 7.2 Daptocephalus leoniceps Karoo S Africa
